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An economy (Greek οίκος-household and νέμoμαι - manage) or economic system consists of the production, distribution or trade, and consumption of limited goods and services by different agents in a given geographical location. The economic agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Transactions occur when two parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain currency. In the past, economic activity was theorized to be bounded by natural resources, labor, and capital. This view ignores the value of technology (automation, accelerator of process, reduction of cost functions), and innovation (new products, services, processes, new markets, expands markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions), especially that which produces intellectual property. A given economy is the result of a set of processes that involves its culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political structure and legal systems, as well as its geography, natural resource endowment, and ecology, as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. The largest national economies by continent are: the United States in the Americas,〔Economic Power in a Changing International System - Page 25, Ewan W. Anderson, Ivars Gutmanis, Liam D. Anderson - 2000〕 Germany in Europe,〔OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform, 2004, p 92〕 Nigeria in Africa,〔http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21600685-nigerias-suddenly-supersized-economy-indeed-wonder-so-are-its-still-huge〕 China in Asia〔China and the World Economy, Yih-chyi Chuang, Simona Thomas - 2010〕 and Australia in Oceania.〔(Field listing - GDP (PPP exchange rate) ), CIA World Factbook〕 A market-based economy is where goods and services are produced without obstruction or interference, and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency and at some free market or market clearing price. Capital and labor can move freely to any area of emerging shortage, signaled by rising price, and thus dynamically and automatically relieve any such threat. Market based economies require transparency on information, such as true prices, to work, and may include various kinds of immaterial production, such as affective labor that describes work carried out that is intended to produce or modify emotional experiences in people, but does not have a tangible, physical product as a result. A command-based economy is where a central political agent commands what is produced and how it is sold and distributed. Shortages are common problems with a command-based economy, as there is no mechanism to manage the information (prices) about the systems natural supply and demand dynamics. A green economy is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive. In a green economy, growth in income and employment are driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency, and prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services.〔http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/ger_final_dec_2011/1.0-Introduction.pdf〕 ==Range== Today the range of fields of study examining the economy revolve around the social science of economics, but may include sociology (economic sociology), history (economic history), anthropology (economic anthropology), and geography (economic geography). Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services as a whole, are engineering, management, business administration, applied science, and finance. All professions, occupations, economic agents or economic activities, contribute to the economy. Consumption, saving, and investment are variable components in the economy that determine macroeconomic equilibrium. There are three main sectors of economic activity: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Sabine O’Hara argues that care work is the basis for all economic activity, concluding that "everything needs care," not only people, but animals and things. Promoting a green economy would result in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.〔 Due to the growing importance of the financial sector in modern times,〔The volume of financial transactions in the 2008 global economy was 73.5 times higher than nominal world GDP, while, in 1990, this ratio amounted to "only" 15.3 (("A General Financial Transaction Tax: A Short Cut of the Pros, the Cons and a Proposal" ), Austrian Institute for Economic Research, 2009)〕 the term ''real economy'' is used by analysts〔("Meanwhile, in the Real Economy" ), ''Wall Street Journal'', July 23, 2009〕〔("Bank Regulation Should Serve Real Economy" ), ''Wall Street Journal'', October 24, 2011〕 as well as politicians〔("Perry and Romney Trade Swipes Over ‘Real Economy'" ), ''Wall Street Journal'', August 15, 2011〕 to denote the part of the economy that is concerned with actually producing goods and services,〔("Real Economy" ) definition in the ''Financial Times'' Lexicon〕 as ostensibly contrasted with the paper economy, or the financial side of the economy,〔("Real economy" ) definition in the Economic Glossary〕 which is concerned with buying and selling on the financial markets. Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures of an economy expressed in real values (adjusted for inflation), such as real GDP, or in nominal values (unadjusted for inflation).〔• Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics, search for ''(real )''. • R. O'Donnell (1987). "real and nominal quantities," ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 4, pp. 97-98.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「economy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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